Daily Archives: Monday, December 3, 2018

State of Integrated and Sustainability Reporting 2018

Jon Lukomnik is Executive Director at the Investor Responsibility Research Institute (IRRCI). This post is based on an IRRCI report by Mr. Lukomnik; Sol Kwon, Senior Consultant at the Sustainable Investments Institute (Si2); and Heidi Welsh, Executive Director at Si2. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Socially Responsible Firms by Alan Ferrell, Hao Liang, and Luc Renneboog (discussed on the Forum here).

Sustainability reporting for large public companies around the world has become the norm. Si2’s research this year (2018) found that 78 percent of the S&P 500 issued a sustainability report for the most recent reporting period, most with environmental and social performance metrics. The rate of sustainability reporting for the world’s largest companies is even higher, with some figures noting as high as 93 percent. [1] This is a starkly different picture from the 1980s, when a handful of companies in vulnerable sectors—extractives and chemicals, which had to respond to public backlash against environmental mishaps—were the only ones to publish environmental reports with limited performance metrics. It was not until the 1990s that sustainability reports as we know them today started gaining traction, after the concept of “triple bottom line”—environmental, social and economic—corporate performance was introduced and became popular.

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Financing the Response to Climate Change: The Pricing and Ownership of U.S. Green Bonds

George Serafeim is Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School. This post is based on a recent paper authored by Professor Serafeim; Malcolm Baker, Professor of Finance at Harvard Business School; Daniel Bergstresser, Associate Professor of Finance in the Brandeis International Business School; and Jeffrey Wurgler, Professor of Finance at New York University.

Climate change is accelerating. Since recordkeeping began in 1880, the six warmest years on record for the planet have all occurred since 2010. One estimate suggests that keeping the world below the 2-degree Celsius scenario, a threshold viewed as limiting the likelihood of devastating consequences, will require $12 trillion over the next 25 years.

In the absence of a global carbon pricing scheme, bond markets will be central to financing these interventions. In this paper, we study the U.S. market for “green bonds,” which we and others define as bonds whose proceeds are used for an environmentally friendly purpose. Examples include renewable energy, clean transportation, sustainable agriculture and forestry, energy efficiency, and biodiversity conservation. Since the first green bond was issued in 2007 by the European Investment Bank (EIB), the market has expanded to include a variety of issuers, including supranationals, sovereigns, corporations, and U.S. and international municipalities. It is a small but increasingly well-defined area of the fixed income markets. Yet in spite of the general acceptance of the notion of a “green” bond, there is not yet a single universally-recognized system for determining the green status of a bond. Green bonds may be labeled and promoted as such by the issuer, such as the 2007 EIB issue; formally certified by a third party according to a set of guidelines; or, labeled green by a data provider, for example Bloomberg. We review the origins of the market and standards for identifying green bonds in the next section.

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Virtual Currencies as Commodities?

J. Paul Forrester is partner and Matthew Bisanz is an associate at Mayer Brown LLP. This post is based on a Mayer Brown memorandum by Mr. Forrester, Mr. Bisanz, David L. Beam, and Jerome J. Roche.

On September 26, 2018, a US federal court found that virtual currency constitutes a class of items that are commodities under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) because one member of that class, Bitcoin, is the subject of futures trading. [1]  This is the first judicial opinion to directly address the question of whether virtual currencies other than Bitcoin are commodities under the CEA.

Background

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