Yearly Archives: 2013

Renewed Focus on “Unbundling”

Barbara L. Becker is partner and co-chair of the Mergers and Acquisitions Practice Group at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, and Eduardo Gallardo is a partner focusing on mergers and acquisitions, also at Gibson Dunn. The following post is based on a Gibson Dunn M&A report excerpt by James Moloney and Matthew N. Walsh. The full publication is available here. Work from the Program on Corporate Governance about bundling includes Bundling and Entrenchment by Lucian Bebchuk and Ehud Kamar, discussed on the Forum here.

The recent decision by the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in Greenlight Capital LP v. Apple Inc. [1] serves as a good reminder of the importance of ensuring that management proposals do not run afoul of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) unbundling rules. Impermissible “bundling” of management proposals, as covered by Rules 14a4(a)(3) and 14a-4(b)(1) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is the practice of combining two or more separate matters as one proposal, such that shareholders must evaluate and vote on issues as a single matter, rather than voting on each matter individually. The Greenlight decision focused on the disclosure in Apple’s proxy statement, which included a proposed amendment to Apple’s articles of incorporation that, if approved, would: (1) facilitate majority voting for incumbent members of Apple’s directors; (2) revoke the board of director’s power to unilaterally issue preferred stock; (3) establish a par value for Apple’s common stock; and (4) eliminate certain obsolete provisions, such as references to preferred stock.

Plaintiff, Greenlight Capital, alleged that Apple’s proposal violated the SEC proxy rules prohibiting the “bundling” of multiple items. Judge Richard J. Sullivan rejected Apple’s argument that the proposal was merely a single proposal to amend its articles of incorporation, and ordered the matters unbundled. Importantly, the court noted that Apple could not simply rely upon the prevailing market practice (coupled with apparent SEC inaction) with respect to bundling management proposals—the court was compelled to exercise its “independent judgment” regarding the matter.

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2013 Mid-Year Securities Litigation Update

The following post comes to us from Jonathan C. Dickey, partner and Co-Chair of the National Securities Litigation Practice Group at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, and is based on a Gibson Dunn publication.

Filing and Settlement Trends

Filing and settlement trends continue to reflect “business as usual” for the plaintiffs’ bar—hundreds of suits and significant settlement values can be expected for the rest of 2013, based on results from the early half of the year. According to a recent study by NERA Economic Consulting, the annualized rate of new class action filings based on results in the first half of 2013 is expected to be slightly up from the prior six-year averages. Through June 2013, new securities class action filings were annualizing at 222 cases for the full year, representing an uptick from the six-year average of 219 suits. On the other hand, median settlement amounts were somewhat lower that the six-year average: $8.8 million in the first quarter of 2013, versus the six-year average of $9.3 million, but higher than four out of those six years. The average settlement value in the first quarter of 2013 was more than double the six-year average: $78 million, versus the six-year average of $35 million. Finally, median settlement amounts as a percentage of investor losses in the first half of 2013 were 2.0%, up from 1.8% for the full year 2012, but slightly lower than the six-year average of 2.

Class Action Filings

Overall filing rates are reflected in Figure 1 below (all charts courtesy of NERA Economic Consulting). NERA reports an average of 219 new cases filed in the period 2007 to 2012. Annualized filings in the first half 2013 are projected to be higher than the prior six-year average, at 222 cases. Notably, these figures do not include the many such class suits filed in state courts, including the Delaware Court of Chancery.

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Investor Organizations Oppose Tightening of Canadian Disclosure Regime

The following post comes to us from Alex Moore, partner at Davies, Ward, Phillips & Vineberg LLP, and discusses an MFA and AIMA joint comment letter submitted with the Canadian Securities Administrators. The comment letter is available here.

The Managed Funds Association (“MFA”) and the Alternative Investment Management Association (“AIMA”) and have jointly submitted a comment letter with the Canadian Securities Administrators with respect to proposed changes to Canada’s block shareholder reporting regimes known in Canada as the Early Warning Reporting (“EWR”) system and the Alternative Monthly Reporting (“AMR”) system. The EWR and AMR systems are the Canadian equivalents to Schedule 13(d) and 13(g) disclosure in the United States.

The comment letter provides an extensive discussion of the importance of shareholder engagement and activist investing and the consequential benefits from such activity that accrue to all shareholders, as well as to target companies and the economy more generally. The letter submits that the CSA’s proposed tightening of Canada’s block shareholder reporting rules will stifle shareholder engagement and democracy and insulate incumbent managers from owners. The full text of the MFA and AIMA comment letter is available here: http://www.osc.gov.on.ca/documents/en/Securities-Category6-Comments/com_20130712_62-104_kaswellsj.pdf.

The changes to the EWR and AMRS regimes proposed by the CSA include:

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Golden Parachute Compensation Practice Pointers

Barbara L. Becker is partner and co-chair of the Mergers and Acquisitions Practice Group at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, and Eduardo Gallardo is a partner focusing on mergers and acquisitions, also at Gibson Dunn. The following post is based on a Gibson Dunn M&A report excerpt by Stephen W. Fackler and Michael Collins. The full publication is available here.

For a variety of practical and legal reasons, compensation to be paid in connection with the sale of a public company (which this article will refer to as “golden parachute compensation”) is best addressed well before an M&A transaction is being contemplated. There are a multitude of issues that are raised when designing these sorts of compensation arrangements, which generally focus on protecting a company’s executives if their employment is involuntarily terminated following a change in control, and below is a checklist to assist companies in approaching many of the important considerations.

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District Court Upholds SEC Conflict Minerals Rule

The following post comes to us from Adam M. Givertz, partner in the Corporate Department at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, and is based on a Paul Weiss client memorandum by Mr. Givertz, Christopher J. Cummings, Andrew J. Foley, Edwin S. Maynard, and Stephen C. Centa.

On July 23, 2013, the District Court for the District of Columbia upheld Rule 13p-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act“), which was promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) pursuant to Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Rule 13p-1 requires issuers to disclose their use of coltan, cassiterite, gold and wolframite originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the “DRC”) or an adjoining country (“Conflict Minerals”) in their manufactured products.

The plaintiffs — the National Association of Manufacturers, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Business Roundtable (collectively, the “Plaintiffs”) — challenged Rule 13p-1 on several grounds. First, the Plaintiffs claimed that Rule 13p-1 was “arbitrary and capricious” within the meaning of the Administrative Procedure Act (the “APA”) and, therefore, unlawful. Specifically, the Plaintiffs argued that the SEC failed to adequately analyze the humanitarian costs and benefits of Rule 13p-1. The District Court found this contention to lack merit as the Court interpreted the Exchange Act to only require that the SEC “consider the impact that a rule or regulation may have on various economic-related factors—efficiency, competition, and capital formation” and not to “consider whether [Rule 13p-1] would actually achieve the humanitarian benefits identified by Congress.” The District Court also rejected the Plaintiffs’ argument that the SEC’s estimates of the costs of implementing the rule were flawed, finding that the SEC’s methodology in reaching such estimates to be “eminently appropriate.”

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Strengthening Oversight of Broker-Dealers to Prevent Another Madoff

Luis A. Aguilar is a Commissioner at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. This post is based on Commissioner Aguilar’s statement regarding the SEC’s final rule concerning broker-dealer custody practices; the full text, including footnotes, is available here. The views expressed in the post are those of Commissioner Aguilar and do not necessarily reflect those of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the other Commissioners, or the Staff.

The facts surrounding Bernie Madoff’s unprecedented fraud are well-known. Through a Ponzi scheme, he stole untold billions over decades. What is not as well-appreciated is that during the vast majority of this time, he operated solely as a registered broker-dealer. This led to the inevitable conclusion that the regulatory framework for broker-dealer custody required urgent strengthening.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission” or “SEC”) has finally adopted amendments to strengthen the framework governing broker-dealer custody practices to prevent another Madoff. The adoption of these amendments comes more than four and a half years after Madoff’s scheme came to light in December, 2008, and more than two years after they were proposed. As a Commissioner, I have often been asked about steps the Commission has taken to prevent another Madoff, and it has concerned me that these issues have not been addressed.

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Sustainability Disclosure in Annual Reports and Proxy Statements

The following post comes to us from Betty Moy Huber, co-head of the Environmental Group in the Corporate Department of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, and is based on a Davis Polk publication by Ms. Huber.

Public interest groups and socially responsive investors have been for decades pushing for increased sustainability (also known as environmental, social, and governance or ESG) disclosure by public companies. Surprisingly, many mainstream investors (in the United States and worldwide) are now joining the call for better and more uniform sustainability disclosure, arguing that such disclosure is required for them to be able to make informed investment decisions. Some global stock exchanges have also thrown their support behind this campaign and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) appears to be listening, too.

Shareholder activism, specifically submitting shareholder proposals to U.S. public companies for inclusion in such companies’ annual proxy statements on form DEF 14A was one of the original tools of public interest groups to compel companies to disclose and consider sustainability matters. This strategy had manifold benefits to the public interest groups, including forcing companies to focus on their sustainability issues, generating helpful written statements from the SEC in response to company no-further action letter requests to exclude these proposals from their proxies, and gaining media attention for the cause. This activism proved to be a fertile training ground for the interest groups who continue to submit various sustainability shareholder proposals, but are now focusing their sights on the next frontier, i.e., binding sustainability disclosure requirements.

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NYSE Eliminates 50% Quorum Requirement

The following post comes to us from Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, and is based on a publication by Robert W. Reeder III, Glen T. Schleyer and Kathryn C. Plunkett.

On July 11, 2013, the Securities and Exchange Commission published a proposal by the New York Stock Exchange to amend Section 312.07 of the Listed Company Manual, which became effective immediately. Section 312.07 has been revised to remove the requirement that the total votes cast on proposals requiring shareholder approval under the NYSE rules must represent over 50% in interest of all securities entitled to vote on the proposal. The release notes that listed companies are subject to quorum requirements under the laws of their states of incorporation and their governing documents and that requiring companies to comply with a separate NYSE quorum requirement causes confusion and is not necessary for investor protection. In addition, neither NASDAQ nor NYSE MKT has a similar quorum requirement and the removal eliminates a long-standing difference in the treatment of broker non-votes for quorum purposes.

The NYSE rules continue to provide that matters requiring shareholder approval under NYSE rules must receive the support of a majority of votes cast (that is, votes cast “for” must exceed votes cast “against” plus abstentions); the recent change eliminates only the separate quorum requirement.

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The Small-Cap M&A Litigation Problem

Steven M. Haas is a partner focusing on mergers and acquisitions, corporate law and corporate governance at Hunton & Williams LLP. The following post is based on a Hunton & Williams client alert by Mr. Haas that first appeared in the May 2013 issue of the M&A Lawyer; the complete publication, including footnotes, is available here. This post is part of the Delaware law series, which is cosponsored by the Forum and Corporation Service Company; links to other posts in the series are available here.

With the recent proliferation of lawsuits challenging M&A transactions, it has become increasingly common for stockholders to challenge “small-cap” transactions. Historically, small transactions were not challenged in the absence of a direct conflict of interest, such as a management-led buyout. Unfortunately, stockholder litigation brought against small-cap M&A deals can significantly increase the cost of the transaction. While larger companies may view the expenses associated with “deal litigation” as an accepted transaction cost, those expenses can be material relative to the value of a small-cap deal. In addition, many attorneys’ fee awards for so-called “therapeutic” benefits (i.e., settlements not involving any cash or other payment to stockholders) appear to be increasingly detached from the value that stockholders place on them. These trends are likely to harm target stockholders as buyers factor the cost of litigation into their valuations and reduce merger consideration accordingly.

One of the challenges involved in small-cap M&A litigation is computing fee awards for plaintiffs’ counsel. Delaware courts often award attorneys’ fees in “disclosure-only” settlements in the range of $400,000 to $500,000 for a small number of “meaningful” disclosures. Higher fee awards are available where plaintiffs obtain “particularly significant or exceptional disclosures.” Such fee awards, however, can be significant in the context of a small-cap M&A transaction.

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2013 Mid-Year Securities Enforcement Update

John Olson is a founding partner of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher’s Washington, D.C. office and a visiting professor at the Georgetown Law Center. The following post is based on a Gibson Dunn memorandum; the full memorandum, including footnotes, is available here.

I. Overview of the First Half of 2013

The first six months of 2013 represented a time of transition for the SEC’s enforcement program, with a new Chairman and new Co-Directors for the Division of Enforcement at the helm. It is too soon to predict exactly how they may reshape the program—in contrast with this period four years ago, when Chairman Mary Schapiro and Enforcement Director Robert Khuzami assumed their positions in the wake of Madoff and the financial crisis and with a mandate for major reform, the new team is moving more incrementally. However, there can be little doubt that, when it comes to enforcement, the new leadership will be striking an aggressive tone. For the first time in the Commission’s history, the Chairman and the Enforcement Division leadership are all former criminal prosecutors. As Chair Mary Jo White recently emphasized: “The SEC is a law-enforcement agency. You have to be tough. You have to try to send as strong a message as you can, across as broad a swath of the market as you regulate.”

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