Yearly Archives: 2018

Smaller Reporting Companies and XBRL

Steve Quinlivan and Cate Heaven Young are partners and Bryan Pitko is of counsel at Stinson Leonard Street LLP. This post is based on their Stinson Leonard memorandum.

The SEC has long recognized that smaller issuers should be subject to somewhat less stringent disclosure standards than larger companies. The SEC has referred to this as “scaled disclosure” and has embodied the idea in a series of rules for smaller reporting companies, or SRCs. The SEC has adopted final rules to expand the availability of scaled disclosure requirements for a company qualifying as an SRC by allowing companies with a public float of less than $250 million to qualify as an SRC, as compared to the $75 million threshold under the prior definition. In addition, companies that do not have a public float are now permitted to provide scaled disclosures if annual revenues are less than $100 million, as compared to the prior threshold of less than $50 million in annual revenues.

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The UK Corporate Governance Code

Martin Lipton is a founding partner of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, specializing in mergers and acquisitions and matters affecting corporate policy and strategy. This post is based on a Wachtell Lipton memorandum by Mr. Lipton.

The Financial Reporting Council today [July 16, 2018] issued a revised corporate governance code and announced that a revised investor stewardship code will be issued before year-end. The code and related materials are available at www.frc.org.uk.

The revised code contains two provisions that will be of great interest. They will undoubtedly be relied upon in efforts to update the various U.S. corporate governance codes. They will also be used to further the efforts to expand the sustainability and stakeholder concerns of U.S. boards.

First, the introduction to the code makes note that shareholder primacy needs to be moderated and that the concept of the “purpose” of the corporation, as long put forth in the U.K. by Colin Mayer and recently popularized in the U.S. by Larry Fink in his 2018 letter to CEO’s, is the guiding principle for the revised code:

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Do Foreign Investors Improve Market Efficiency?

Marcin T. Kacperczyk is Professor of Finance at Imperial College London; Savitar Sundaresan is Assistant Professor of Finance at Imperial College Business School; and Tianyu Wang is a PhD candidate in Finance at Imperial College Business School. This post is based on their recent paper.

One of the key purposes of financial markets is to efficiently allocate capital to the real sector. Foreign investors have emerged as an important force in this process. As globalization has increased, financial markets have witnessed substantial inflows of capital from foreign investors. The empirical literature has studied the consequences of financial market liberalization for volatility and aggregate equity prices, but we know considerably less about the direct impact of foreign portfolio investments on market efficiency and welfare. Moreover, the evidence on aggregate efficiency and welfare in the international economics literature is either inconclusive or finds economically small gains. In this paper, we revisit efficiency and welfare gains due to foreign stock ownership using disaggregated panel data on firms and investors from 40 countries.

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2018 Investor Corporate Governance Report

Viraj Patel is Head of Proxy Operations at CMi2i Proxy. This post is based on a CMi2i publication by Mr. Patel, Tony Quinn, and Mark Simms. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Social Responsibility Resolutions by Scott Hirst (discussed on the Forum here) and Socially Responsible Firms by Alan Ferrell, Hao Liang, and Luc Renneboog (discussed on the Forum here).

The CMi2i 2018 Annual Investor Corporate Governance Report surveyed institutional shareholders representing $8 trillion of Assets under Management (“AUM”). The objective of the report is to find out which Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) areas they believe will be key issues of focus in 2018 and beyond, and the impact of this on shareholder behaviour. Respondents comprised of individuals responsible for corporate governance, responsible investment and proxy voting from US and European institutions.

1. Increasing Shareholder Accountability Precipitates Increasing Board Accountability

Increasing engagement with non-executive board members, increasing “active” style voting, increasing integration of ESG factors into the investment process, wider issues on the ESG Agenda including Human Capital and Corporate Culture are key themes in the CMi2i 2018 Annual Investor Corporate Governance Report.

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Supreme Court Ruling on SEC-Appointed Judges

Alexander Janghorbani is senior attorney and Matthew C. Solomon is a partner at Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP. This post is based on a Cleary Gottlieb memorandum by Mr. Janghorbani and Mr. Solomon.

On June 21, 2018, the Supreme Court ruled in Lucia v. SEC that Securities and Exchange Commission Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) are “officers” for the purposes of the Constitution’s Appointments Clause. Because, at the time he heard the case, the ALJ’s appointment was not consistent with that clause, it was deemed unconstitutional and the administrative proceeding void. Lucia is almost certainly not the last word on the constitutionality of the SEC’s ALJs. Indeed, another trip up to the Supreme Court on a related constitutional issue involving the ALJs’ civil service protections seems likely.

In the meantime, Lucia will require the SEC to, at minimum: (1) evaluate the efficacy of the Commission’s 2017 attempt to cure the constitutional infirmity of the ALJs’ appointment, (2) chart a course forward to achieve prompt and final resolution of the remaining constitutional issue, and (3) almost certainly face a host of related challenges to past and pending cases. And, of course, there are likely to be “spill-over” effects from Lucia that will force the other agencies that use ALJs to grapple with the legitimacy of their own administrative proceedings.

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Are Institutional Investors with Multiple Blockholdings Effective Monitors?

Jun-Koo Kang is Canon Professor at the Nanyang Technological University Business School; Jane Luo is Senior Lecturer at the University of Adelaide Business School; and Hyun Seung Na is Associate Professor at Korea University Business School. This post is based on their recent article, forthcoming in Journal of Financial Economics.

Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Agency Problems of Institutional Investors by Lucian Bebchuk, Alma Cohen, and Scott Hirst (discussed on the Forum here)

Previous studies show that, unlike small dispersed shareholders, large shareholders have strong incentives to monitor management and take actions that increase firm value (Shleifer and Vishny, 1986; Demsetz and Lehn, 1985). Despite extensive research on the monitoring role of large shareholders, the literature has paid little attention to the fact that institutions frequently serve as large shareholders in many firms at the same time and whether their monitoring incentives and effectiveness vary with the number of stocks they hold as large shareholders. This lack of evidence is surprising given that institutional investors in the US on average hold a significant number of block shares in different firms. According to the data from Thomson Reuters Institutional Holdings (13F) for the period 1993 to 2010, an institutional investor on average serves as a blockholder for five different firms at the same time.

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Delaware’s Voluntary Sustainability Certification Law

John Mark Zeberkiewicz is a Director at Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A. This post is based on a Richards, Layton & Finger publication by Mr. Zeberkiewicz and is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here.

Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Socially Responsible Firms by Alan Ferrell, Hao Liang, and Luc Renneboog (discussed on the Forum here).

On June 27, 2018, Delaware Governor John Carney signed legislation enacting the Delaware Certification of Adoption of Transparency and Sustainability Standards Act (the “Act”), which will become effective on October 1, 2018. The Act, which is the first of its kind, represents Delaware’s initiative to support sustainability practices by providing Delaware-governed entities a platform for demonstrating their commitment to corporate and social responsibility and sustainability. It reflects Delaware’s recognition that sustainability and responsibility are not merely buzzwords that companies deploy to appeal to a broader range of consumers. Rather, those terms embody business practices and systems that are designed to foster innovation and long-term growth while promoting business practices intended to provide societal benefits.

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An Empirical Comparison of Insider Trading Enforcement in Canada and the US

Anita Anand is a Professor of Law and holds the J.R. Kimber Chair in Investor Protection and Corporate Governance at University of Toronto Faculty of Law. This post is based on a recent paper authored by Professor Anand; Stephen Choi, Murray and Kathleen Bring Professor of Law at NYU Law School; Adam C. Pritchard, Frances and George Skestos Professor of Law at University of Michigan Law School; and Poonam Puri, Professor of Law at York University Osgoode Hall Law School.

Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Insider Trading Via the Corporation by Jesse Fried (discussed on the Forum here).

Canadian and American securities market regulators have differing approaches to enforcement. Canadian securities law is largely driven by provincial or territorial legislation and implemented by the jurisdiction’s respective securities commissions. In contrast, the American development of securities law is driven by the federal Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), with state regulators taking a secondary role. Although provincial securities regulators in Canada have entered into memoranda of understanding with the SEC to facilitate investigations involving conduct in both countries, the enforcement regimes remain separate.

The two countries also vary in their approach to insider trading. While Canada has legislation with explicit prohibitions against insider trading, in the U.S. restrictions on insider trading are nominally based on the prohibition against fraud found in Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Act (17 CFR § 240.10b-5), but the insider trading prohibition in the U.S. is more accurately a species of common law. U.S. courts have generally been willing to accommodate the SEC in developing this insider trading prohibition without legislation or rulemaking.

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State Treasurers’ Opposition Against Forced Arbitration or Class Action Waivers in Shareholder Agreements

John Chiang is California State Treasurer; Michael Frerichs is Illinois State Treasurer; Michael l. Fitzgerald is Iowa State Treasurer; Tobias Read is Oregon State Treasurer; Joe Torsella is Pennsylvania State Treasurer; and Seth Magaziner is Rhode Island State Treasurer. This post is based on their recent joint letter to the SEC.

Dear Chairman Clayton:

As a bipartisan coalition of State Treasurers from across the country, we recognize the dire fiscal matters that face our nation and understand the pitfalls that imperil the financial security of American investors. As institutional investors ourselves, we observe the critical importance of rigorous enforcement of the state and federal securities laws. That’s why we write to express our serious concern with reports that the SEC may be considering a fundamental shift in policy that would—for the first time—allow publicly traded companies to block shareholder lawsuits through the use of forced arbitration clauses in IPO filings. [1] We write to express our support for your previous statements indicating you would prefer not to take up the issue [2] and to urge you, should the issue arise in circumstances you do not control, to preserve the Commission’s long-standing policy barring public companies from adopting forced arbitration clauses.

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Further Thoughts on Elon Musk’s Compensation

Joseph Bachelder is special counsel at McCarter & English LLP. This post is based on an article by Mr. Bachelder, Howard Berkower, and Andy Tsang originally published in the New York Law Journal.

Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Paying for Long-Term Performance (discussed on the Forum here), by Lucian Bebchuk and Jesse Fried, and Independent Directors and Controlling Shareholders by Lucian Bebchuk and Assaf Hamdani (discussed on the Forum here).

Our previous post reported on the $2.6 billion stock option granted earlier this year by Tesla, Inc. (Tesla) to its Chairman and CEO, Elon Musk, representing 12 percent of Tesla shares outstanding on the option grant date (the “Musk Option”). Mr. Musk is one of the founders of Tesla, as described in Tesla’s proxy statements.

This post compares Mr. Musk’s ownership and certain of his arrangements at Tesla with those of “Founder CEOs” at 10 other high-tech companies. “Founder CEOs” are CEOs (or, in two cases, Executive Chairmen who had previously served as CEO) who founded or co-founded the enterprise. The post also comments on legal aspects of the award under Delaware law. Finally, it discusses briefly the stockholder class action derivative complaint regarding the Musk Option filed under seal on June 5 (a redacted version was made public on June 7) in the Delaware Chancery Court against Tesla directors including Mr. Musk and Tesla as nominal defendant. Tornetta v. Musk et al, No. 2018-0408.

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