The Department of Labor (“The Department”) is inviting public comments on a proposal to codify a regulatory structure for the Department’s current “Investment duties” regulation at 29 CFR 2550.404a-1. This amendment would assist ERISA fiduciaries in establishing regulatory guidelines for plan fiduciaries in light of recent environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investment trends. The Department of Labor has voiced concerns that these trends may lead plan fiduciaries to “choose investments of action to promote environmental, social, and public policy goals unrelated to the interests of plan participants and beneficiaries in financial benefits from the plan and expose plan participants and beneficiaries to inappropriate investment risks”.
Based on FCLTGlobal’s review of existing academic evidence, our own analysis, and research informed by our multi-year conversations with our Members and other experts, we suggest the Department carefully consider the following:
- The duty of ERISA fiduciaries is to provide financial retirement benefits often many years into the future
- Considering the long-term performance of companies and investments is critical to providing those benefits
- Ignoring long-term trends that may affect the financial value of investments because they fall into the category of ESG issues would be a violation of fiduciary duty
Clarification of the Long-term Nature of Fiduciary Duty
ERISA fiduciaries have a clear duty: to provide retirement benefits many years into the future. As the Department states, fiduciaries must “select investments and investment courses of action based on financial considerations relevant to the risk-adjusted economic value of a particular investment or course of action.” What is important for the Department to recognize is that this economic value develops over many years, and that ERISA fiduciaries must keep the often multi-decade life of their liabilities in mind as they select the appropriate course of action.
Long-term Companies Outperform
Research from the McKinsey Global Institute and FCLTGlobal shows that long-term firms deliver superior financial performance—long-term firms added more revenues, profitability, and market value than other firms between 2001 and 2014. The strong fundamentals exhibited by these long-term companies allowed them to better weather the 2008 global financial crisis and its aftermath.
FCLTGlobal analysis also found that companies with: 1) Fewer ESG related controversies and; 2) A higher percentage of long-term investors (measured as the percent of company shares held by firms with < 50% dollar turnover or holding period of <2 years) in their investor base outperform their peers.
Evidence that long-term companies outperform suggests that investors who invest in long-term companies ultimately provide better long-term financial performance for their plan beneficiaries.
Long-term Risks and Opportunities as Critical Elements
For institutional investors to fulfill their fiduciary duty, they must account for the risks and opportunities that will affect the long-term value of their investments. Estimating risks such as climate change, employment practices, and board structures is critical to making investment decisions. One only has to look to the cost to investors of forest fires to PG&E, harassment to Wynn Casinos, or lack of environmental focus to Volkswagen to see the clear cost of ignoring such issues. Over longer time frames those are indeed material risks and opportunities that prudent fiduciaries must consider.
According to a survey about climate risk perceptions, “institutional investors believe climate risks have financial implications for their portfolio firms and that these risks, particularly regulatory risks, already have begun to materialize”. Investors who incorporate the risk of climate change, for example, into their investment decisions are more likely to find financial success for their beneficiaries.
Not considering ESG issues could be appropriate for investors with short-term time horizons. However, over time, ESG issues may become material.
Organizations that care about society’s best interests, and that implement good ESG practices, are more forward-thinking and positioned for success in the long term. For example, climate change creates both risks to some investments and opportunities to allocate capital toward innovations and solutions. Estimating the impact of climate change (and the likelihood of a future carbon price) is critical to making investment decisions. Firms and investors who incorporate these risks and opportunities into their decision-making process today are more likely to find financial success because they build the economy of the future, one that is sustainable and resilient.
To position portfolios for the long term, fiduciaries need to recognize society’s most pressing problems, such as climate change, discrimination, and fair wages, and recognize that these issues will affect the companies and economies they invest in—and therefore affect their financial return.
Conclusion
The Department acknowledges that “ESG factors can be pecuniary factors.” We would encourage the Department to recognize that with a multi-decade timeframe, ESG factors are likely to become pecuniary factors. As pecuniary factors, they not only merit consideration by ERISA fiduciaries but must be part of the investment process.
Retirement plans and their asset managers have a fiduciary duty to maximize returns in the long term to provide retirement payments in the distant future. A clear relationship exists between a company’s culture, business practices, and place in society and its ability to achieve sustained positive financial results. For institutional investors to fulfill their fiduciary duty, they cannot ignore risks and opportunities that will affect the value of their investment in the long term. The fact that those risks and opportunities are labeled “ESG” does not make them any less important in the exercise of this fiduciary duty.
Comment on the Proposed DOL Rule
More from: Sarah Keohane Williamson, Victoria Tellez, FCLTGlobal
Sarah Keohane Williamson is CEO and Victoria Tellez is a Senior Research Associate at FCLTGlobal. This post is based on their FCLTGlobal comment letter to the U.S Department of Labor. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance by Lucian A. Bebchuk and Roberto Tallarita (discussed on the Forum here), Reconciling Fiduciary Duty and Social Conscience: The Law and Economics of ESG Investing by a Trustee by Robert H. Sitkoff and Max M. Schanzenbach (discussed on the Forum here), and Companies Should Maximize Shareholder Welfare Not Market Value, by Oliver D. Hart (discussed on the Forum here).
The Department of Labor (“The Department”) is inviting public comments on a proposal to codify a regulatory structure for the Department’s current “Investment duties” regulation at 29 CFR 2550.404a-1. This amendment would assist ERISA fiduciaries in establishing regulatory guidelines for plan fiduciaries in light of recent environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investment trends. The Department of Labor has voiced concerns that these trends may lead plan fiduciaries to “choose investments of action to promote environmental, social, and public policy goals unrelated to the interests of plan participants and beneficiaries in financial benefits from the plan and expose plan participants and beneficiaries to inappropriate investment risks”.
Based on FCLTGlobal’s review of existing academic evidence, our own analysis, and research informed by our multi-year conversations with our Members and other experts, we suggest the Department carefully consider the following:
Clarification of the Long-term Nature of Fiduciary Duty
ERISA fiduciaries have a clear duty: to provide retirement benefits many years into the future. As the Department states, fiduciaries must “select investments and investment courses of action based on financial considerations relevant to the risk-adjusted economic value of a particular investment or course of action.” What is important for the Department to recognize is that this economic value develops over many years, and that ERISA fiduciaries must keep the often multi-decade life of their liabilities in mind as they select the appropriate course of action.
Long-term Companies Outperform
Research from the McKinsey Global Institute and FCLTGlobal shows that long-term firms deliver superior financial performance—long-term firms added more revenues, profitability, and market value than other firms between 2001 and 2014. The strong fundamentals exhibited by these long-term companies allowed them to better weather the 2008 global financial crisis and its aftermath.
FCLTGlobal analysis also found that companies with: 1) Fewer ESG related controversies and; 2) A higher percentage of long-term investors (measured as the percent of company shares held by firms with < 50% dollar turnover or holding period of <2 years) in their investor base outperform their peers.
Evidence that long-term companies outperform suggests that investors who invest in long-term companies ultimately provide better long-term financial performance for their plan beneficiaries.
Long-term Risks and Opportunities as Critical Elements
For institutional investors to fulfill their fiduciary duty, they must account for the risks and opportunities that will affect the long-term value of their investments. Estimating risks such as climate change, employment practices, and board structures is critical to making investment decisions. One only has to look to the cost to investors of forest fires to PG&E, harassment to Wynn Casinos, or lack of environmental focus to Volkswagen to see the clear cost of ignoring such issues. Over longer time frames those are indeed material risks and opportunities that prudent fiduciaries must consider.
According to a survey about climate risk perceptions, “institutional investors believe climate risks have financial implications for their portfolio firms and that these risks, particularly regulatory risks, already have begun to materialize”. Investors who incorporate the risk of climate change, for example, into their investment decisions are more likely to find financial success for their beneficiaries.
Not considering ESG issues could be appropriate for investors with short-term time horizons. However, over time, ESG issues may become material.
Organizations that care about society’s best interests, and that implement good ESG practices, are more forward-thinking and positioned for success in the long term. For example, climate change creates both risks to some investments and opportunities to allocate capital toward innovations and solutions. Estimating the impact of climate change (and the likelihood of a future carbon price) is critical to making investment decisions. Firms and investors who incorporate these risks and opportunities into their decision-making process today are more likely to find financial success because they build the economy of the future, one that is sustainable and resilient.
To position portfolios for the long term, fiduciaries need to recognize society’s most pressing problems, such as climate change, discrimination, and fair wages, and recognize that these issues will affect the companies and economies they invest in—and therefore affect their financial return.
Conclusion
The Department acknowledges that “ESG factors can be pecuniary factors.” We would encourage the Department to recognize that with a multi-decade timeframe, ESG factors are likely to become pecuniary factors. As pecuniary factors, they not only merit consideration by ERISA fiduciaries but must be part of the investment process.
Retirement plans and their asset managers have a fiduciary duty to maximize returns in the long term to provide retirement payments in the distant future. A clear relationship exists between a company’s culture, business practices, and place in society and its ability to achieve sustained positive financial results. For institutional investors to fulfill their fiduciary duty, they cannot ignore risks and opportunities that will affect the value of their investment in the long term. The fact that those risks and opportunities are labeled “ESG” does not make them any less important in the exercise of this fiduciary duty.