Yearly Archives: 2018

Corporate Governance Update: Shareholder Activism Is the Next Phase of #MeToo

David A. Katz is partner and Laura A. McIntosh is consulting attorney at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz. This post is based on a Wachtell Lipton memorandum by Mr. Katz and Ms. McIntosh that originally appeared in the New York Law Journal.

As the #MeToo movement continues to make itself felt in all facets of American life, public company boards of directors that are newly focused on the issue of workplace harassment have seen corporate responses evolve. In recent months, many boards have overseen the addition of anti- harassment policies to corporate codes of conduct, the establishment of procedures for addressing allegations, and the enhancement of employee training at all levels. Directors are taking proactive steps toward educating themselves and looking deeply into the issues involved, and many have highlighted it as a priority for the senior management team. Boards that have successfully installed the nuts and bolts of good governance in this area can now step back and consider the larger project of gender equality in corporate America, in which sexual harassment, corporate culture, gender pay equity, and gender diversity are related issues. Shareholder activity in all four of these areas—which we will call collectively, “corporate equality”—has markedly increased, and boards looking ahead to the next phase of corporate governance activism should take note of this trend and try to be proactive as opposed to reactive.

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How Blockchain will Disrupt Corporate Organizations

Mark Fenwick is Professor of International Business Law at Kyushu University; Wulf Kaal is Associate Professor at University of St. Thomas School of Law; and Erik P. M. Vermeulen is Professor of Business & Financial Law at Tilburg University. This post is based on their recent paper.

Closed, hierarchical organizations have dominated political, economic and social life for the past several hundred years. Such organizations are characterized by (i) a centralized source of authority; (ii) a formal hierarchy with clearly differentiated functional “roles”; and, (iii) standardized operational systems and procedures dictated by the authority/hierarchy. This type of organization has exerted an enormous influence on the modern world.

In a business context, for instance, centralized, hierarchical organizations have been central to the emergence and global expansion of capitalism. Corporations are the most prominent example of such structures, and the advent and proliferation of the corporate form has been a defining feature of modern economic development. Recall the rapid growth of such organizational structures during the rise of mass production in the context of the industrial revolution.

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Weekly Roundup: September 21-27, 2018


More from:

This roundup contains a collection of the posts published on the Forum during the week of September 21–27, 2018.


Fake News: Evidence from Financial Markets



Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Financial Services



Audit Committee Disclosures


California Law Awaiting Governor’s Signature Exceeds State’s Jurisdiction



Freeze-Out Mergers


IRS Guidance on Section 162(m) Tax Reform


Employee Voice


Regulation A+ Offerings for Tokens: What is the SEC Waiting For?


Can the First Dutch Stewardship Code Encourage Investors to Act as Stewards


Short-Changing Compliance


Digital Tokens: No Such Thing as a Free Launch

Digital Tokens: No Such Thing as a Free Launch

Daniel Nathan is partner and Angelo Aratan is an associate at Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP. This post is based on an Orrick memorandum by Mr. Nathan and Mr. Aratan, that was previously published on Law360.

The issuance of digital tokens in exchange for services rather than money still can constitute an offering of securities, according to findings recently made by the Securities and Exchange Commission in a settled enforcement action, In the Matter of Tomahawk Exploration LLC and David Thompson Laurance, Securities Act Rel. No. 33-10530, Exchange Act Rel. No. 34-83839, Admin. Proc. File No. 3-18641 (Aug. 14, 2018). Tomahawk Exploration LLC offered and distributed digital assets in the form of tokens called “Tomahawkcoins,” or “TOM tokens” through an initial coin offering (“ICO”). The company offered a “Bounty Program,” whereby Tomahawk dedicated 200,000 TOM tokens to pay third parties, offering between 10 and 4,000 TOM tokens in exchange for the following activities:

  • marketing efforts;
  • making requests to list TOM tokens on token trading platforms;
  • promoting TOM tokens on blogs and online forums such as Twitter or Facebook;
  • creating professional picture file designs;
  • YouTube videos, other promotional materials; and
  • online promotional efforts that targeted potential investors and directed them to Tomahawk’s offering materials.

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Short-Changing Compliance

John Armour is the Hogan Lovells Professor of Law and Finance at the University of Oxford; Jeffrey N. Gordon is Richard Paul Richman Professor of Law at Columbia Law School; and Geeyoung Min is Adjunct Assistant Professor and Postdoctoral Fellow in Corporate Law and Governance at Columbia Law School. This post is based on their recent paper. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Excess-Pay Clawbacksby Jesse Fried and Nitzan Shilon (discussed on the Forum here).

Our paper Short-Changing Compliance argues for a refashioning of the rules of director liability for failures of compliance oversight, the so-called Caremark standard, in light of changing patterns of executive and director compensation that create short-termist pressures to under-invest in compliance. We propose a regime of fact-finding and clawbacks that runs through an alternative dispute resolution process that could be implemented through a shareholder by-law initiative.

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Can the First Dutch Stewardship Code Encourage Investors to Act as Stewards

Hélène Vletter-van Dort is Professor of Financial Law & Governance at the Erasmus School of Law and Titiaan Keijzer is a Visiting Scholar at Columbia Law School and PhD Candidate at Erasmus School of Law. This post is based on their recent memorandum. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Agency Problems of Institutional Investors by Lucian Bebchuk, Alma Cohen, and Scott Hirst (discussed on the Forum here).

Introduction

On July 3rd, 2018, Eumedion published the first Dutch Stewardship Code (the “Code”), following a public consultation launched in September 2017. The Code provides a set of principles for stewardship by asset owners and asset managers towards Dutch listed investee companies. Eumedion is a cooperative body of mainly Dutch institutional investors, although in recent years, it has been (formally) joined by well-known foreign parties such as BlackRock and Aberdeen. Thus, Eumedion represents a globally highly diversified asset base in excess of € 5 billion. We discuss the background and implications of this first Code and draw comparisons with the Dutch Corporate Governance Code and the UK Stewardship Code.

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Regulation A+ Offerings for Tokens: What is the SEC Waiting For?

Robert Rosenblum is partner and Amy Caiazza and Ben Dickson are associates at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati. This post is based on a Wilson Sonsini memorandum by Mr. Rosenblum, Ms. Caiazza, and Mr. Dickson.

In a recent article, we discussed why the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and its staff (the “Staff”) continue to think most cryptocurrencies and other crypto assets (“tokens”) are securities at the time they are offered. [1] If a token issuer plans to publicly offer and sell tokens that are securities, the offer and sale of those tokens generally needs to be registered (such as on a Form S-1) or qualified under Regulation A+. [2] For many token issuers, a Regulation A+ offering may be the preferable choice; among other reasons, a token offering under Regulation A+ does not need to be separately approved by state securities commissions, while a registered token offering may require state-by-state approval in addition to approval from the SEC. [3]

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Employee Voice

Benjamin Colton is the Head of Asia-Pacific, Asset Stewardship at State Street Global Advisors. This post is based on his recent paper as a graduate student at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Levels of engagement between public corporations and certain stakeholders have increased in recent decades. Shareholders more frequently address environmental, social, and governance matters and customers express their viewpoints at lower costs and with higher amplitude than ever before. Although companies are more regularly considering the perspectives of key external stakeholders, it is important that they also listen to the voice of their own employees.

Employees and the human capital they provide are central to the sustained success of a company. Whether they work in business lines, interact with end customers, or develop products, employees possess insights about their company that can be difficult for management to ascertain. The perspectives of employees can provide leadership with information valuable for improved decision-making and organizational efficiency. When silenced, employees may become unsatisfied and leadership may not receive critical information, thereby increasing the organization’s exposure to high impact risks.

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IRS Guidance on Section 162(m) Tax Reform

Jean M. McLoughlin is partner and Ron M. Aizen is counsel at Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP. This post is based on a Davis Polk memorandum by Ms. McLoughlin and Mr. Aizen.

On August 21, 2018, the IRS issued Notice 2018-68, which provides initial guidance on two aspects of the amendments to Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code made by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA):

  • how to identify the expanded group of employees who are covered by new Section 162(m); and
  • how a plan or agreement can qualify as grandfathered from new Section 162(m).

This post summarizes this guidance, as well as the additional aspects of new Section 162(m) on which the IRS is seeking comment.

Key takeaways from the notice include the following:

  • Umbrella plans or agreements that provide for negative discretion to reduce compensation do not qualify as grandfathered from new Section 162(m); and
  • A grandfathered employment agreement that provides for auto-renewal at the end of the term, unless either party elects not to renew, loses its grandfathered status for amounts earned after the renewal date.

The notice applies to any taxable year ending on or after September 10, 2018.

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Freeze-Out Mergers

Elif Dalkir is Associate Professor of Economics at the University of New Brunswick; Mehmet Dalkir is Associate Professor of Economics at the University of New Brunswick; and Doron Levit is Assistant Professor of Finance at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. This post is based on their recent article, forthcoming in the Review of Financial Studies.

Do freeze-out mergers mitigate the free-rider problem of corporate takeovers? We revisit this fundamental question in our article Freeze-Out Mergers, which is forthcoming in the Review of Financial Studies.

The ability of the market for corporate control to efficiently allocate resources is much debated. A seminal paper by Grossman and Hart (1980) argued that there is a free-rider problem that prevents acquirers from successfully taking over companies that are widely held. The crucial assumption in this argument is that target shareholders do not view themselves as pivotal in the success of the takeover. Therefore, each shareholder refuses to tender his share whenever he expects the post-takeover value to be higher than what is being offered. If all shareholders behave that way, then a value-increasing acquirer cannot convince shareholders to tender their shares and at the same time make a profit on the purchased shares. Without any private benefits of control, free-riding precludes efficient takeovers, leading to an inefficient market for corporate control.

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