Monthly Archives: February 2022

Delaware’s Copycat: Can Delaware Corporate Law Be Emulated?

Ido Baum is an Associate Professor at the Haim Striks Faculty of Law at the College of Management-Academic Studies (Colman); and Dov Solomon is an Associate Professor of Law at Ramat Gan Law School. This post is based on their recent paper, and is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here.

Delaware’s famous corporate law and its highly respected specialized Court of Chancery attract entrepreneurs from all over the world, who choose the state as their locus of incorporation and litigation forum, and global investors who choose Delaware law as the law governing their corporate investments and mergers and acquisitions (M&A). The accepted wisdom is that the superiority of Delaware’s corporate law is the result of an interstate competition between corporate laws in the United States and that the Court of Chancery’s contribution to Delaware’s advantage in the competition for the hearts, minds, and pockets of incorporation decision-makers is paramount.

Corporate law scholars argue that competition exists not only within the United States but also on the global playing field, with jurisdictions vying to attract entrepreneurs to incorporate domestically and global investors to adopt domestic corporate laws as the laws governing investment agreements. Other scholars argue that this phenomenon is not a result of competition but rather a process of global convergence of laws. This interjurisdictional process makes Delaware a significant global norm-exporter in the field of corporate law because jurisdictions emulate some of its corporate law. The nature of this competition, or convergence, and whether it generates better or worse corporate laws is a matter of continual debate.

READ MORE »

Private Equity: 2021 Year in Review and 2022 Outlook

Steven A. Cohen and Karessa L. Cain are partners and Alon B. Harish is an associate at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz. This post is based on their Wachtell memorandum.

Private equity dealmaking reached historic heights in 2021. Building on a strong rebound in the second half of 2020, private equity set new annual records in global deal volume and transaction value. With private equity funds sitting on an estimated $2.3 trillion of dry powder and prominent firms raising funds of unprecedented size, capital supply is robust and continues to grow. However, changes to monetary policy, a shifting regulatory landscape, increased focus on EESG (employee, environmental, social and governance) and the possibility of tax reform on the horizon are likely to raise headwinds for private equity dealmakers in 2022 and beyond.

We review below some of the key themes that drove private equity deal activity in 2021 and our expectations for 2022.

Record Buyout Activity; Record Exit Activity. As we described in our recent post, Mergers and Acquisitions: 2022, private equity was a key driver behind the record-setting levels of overall M&A activity in 2021. Global private equity transaction volume ended the year at approximately $1.2 trillion, representing approximately 20% of overall global M&A volume and an approximately 111% increase over 2020. The increased activity levels primarily resulted from a record volume of buyout activity, driven by a plentiful capital supply, easy access to debt financing with low interest rates and favorable terms, as well as the deployment of massive amounts of cash that private equity firms had been amassing in recent years. Private equity firms also exited their investments at a record pace in 2021, with 3,895 exits with a total deal value of approximately $665 billion, surpassing 2020’s 2,594 exits totaling $521 billion.

READ MORE »

Why the Corporation Locks in Financial Capital but the Partnership Does Not

Richard Squire is Professor of Law and Alpin J. Cameron Chair in Law at Fordham Law School. This post is based on his recent paper, forthcoming in the Vanderbilt Law Review.

Each partner in an at-will partnership can obtain a cash payout of his interest at any time. The corporation, by contrast, locks in shareholder capital, denying general payout rights to shareholders unless the charter states otherwise. What explains this difference? In a paper recently published in the Vanderbilt Law Review, I argue that partner payout rights reduce the costs of two other characteristics of the partnership: the non-transferability of partner control rights, and the possibility for partnerships to be formed inadvertently. While these characteristics serve valuable functions, they can introduce a bilateral-monopoly problem and a special freezeout hazard unless each partner can force the firm to cash out his interest. The corporation lacks these characteristics: shares are freely transferable, and no one can commit capital to a corporation without intending to do so. Therefore, in most corporations the costs of shareholder payout rights—which would include the cash-raising burden and a hazard of appraisal arbitrage—would exceed the benefits.

Background

In her celebrated article Locking in Capital: What Corporate Law Achieved for Business Organizers in the Nineteenth Century, Professor Margaret Blair drew the attention of scholars to one of the distinctive attributes of the corporate form: that it locks in capital, denying each shareholder the power to obtain a payout of his investment without the consent of the board of directors. By locking in shareholder capital, the corporate form creates a freezeout hazard if the board refuses to authorize distributions and the shareholders cannot find buyers for their shares. However, Blair emphasized that capital lock-in can also provide an important economic benefit. Expanding upon a thesis introduced by Professors Henry Hansmann and Reinier Kraakman, she showed that capital lock-in protects the corporation’s going-concern value, in particular by preventing shareholders from withdrawing assets with firm-specific value.

READ MORE »

Three Questions Compensation Committees Should Ask About ESG

Mark Emanuel and Greg Arnold are managing directors at Semler Brossy Consulting Group, LLC. This post is based on their Semler Brossy memorandum. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance (discussed on the Forum here) and Will Corporations Deliver Value to All Stakeholders?, both by Lucian A. Bebchuk and Roberto Tallarita; For Whom Corporate Leaders Bargain by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Kobi Kastiel, and Roberto Tallarita (discussed on the Forum here); and Restoration: The Role Stakeholder Governance Must Play in Recreating a Fair and Sustainable American Economy—A Reply to Professor Rock by Leo E. Strine, Jr. (discussed on the Forum here).

The environmental, social, and governance (ESG) drumbeat has been loud in compensation committee settings as an increasing number of institutional investors have expressed an interest in seeing issuers adopt ESG-related incentives. This trend raises pressing questions for compensation committees: What (if any) role should ESG play in their companies’ compensation plans, and if used, how should ESG-related incentives be structured?

There is a fine line between responding to the zeitgeist and assessing the materiality of ESG metrics to determine what will drive long-term progress. A well-crafted strategy for prioritizing and communicating ESG-related initiatives is a prerequisite for considering ESG incentives. Assuming companies meet this condition, compensation committees should address three central questions:

1. Does an ESG metric need to be incorporated into executive pay to reinforce key priorities?

Many large companies already have a culture or system separate from compensation that reinforces the importance of ESG progress. Examples include external public disclosure of various ESG goals and internal reporting on key operational metrics to the board. For some, these mechanisms may be sufficient to drive progress. For others, incorporating ESG metrics into compensation plans might be important for signaling priorities and establishing accountability. In this case, adopting an ESG incentive—even if only at a low weighting—can have an outsized influence on driving desired behaviors.

READ MORE »

2021 Corporate Governance Practices: A Comparison of Large Public Companies and Silicon Valley Companies

David A. Bell is partner and Ron C. Llewellyn is counsel at Fenwick & West LLP. This post is based on their Fenwick memorandum.

Corporate governance practices vary significantly among public companies. This reflects many factors, including:

  • Differences in their stage of development, including the relative importance placed on various business objectives (for example, focus on growth and scaling operations may be given more importance);
  • Differences in the investor base for different types of companies;
  • Differences in expectations of board members and advisors to companies and their boards, which can vary by a company’s size, age, stage of development, geography, industry and other factors; and
  • The reality that corporate governance practices that are appropriate for large, established public companies can be meaningfully different from those for newer, smaller companies.

Since the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which signaled the initial wave of corporate governance reforms among public companies, each year Fenwick has surveyed the corporate governance practices of the companies included in the Standard & Poor’s 100 Index (S&P 100) and the technology and life sciences companies included in the Fenwick – Bloomberg Law Silicon Valley 150 List (SV 150). [1]

READ MORE »

Activism Landscape Continues To Evolve

Richard J. Grossman and Neil P. Stronski are partners and Demetrius A. Warrick is counsel at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP. This post is based on a Skadden memorandum by Mr. Grossman, Mr. Stronski, Mr. Warrick, Anya Richter Hodes, and Alexander J. Vargas.

Takeaways

  • ESG activist campaigners are likely to continue asserting themselves.
  • Companies that have merged with SPACs and whose stock prices have slumped will be at risk for activist pressure.
  • Watch for more activist firms to adopt private equity-like approaches, offering to buy the targets of their campaigns.
  • The impact of shifts in voting regulations and policies at institutional investors is hard to predict but could be significant.

While the number of shareholder activist campaigns in the U.S. remained flat in 2021 compared to 2019 and 2020, going into 2022, companies should anticipate that activism will continue being a powerful lever for certain opportunistic shareholders seeking to extract value and produce “alpha” returns. Specifically, companies should look out for an uptick in activist campaigns focused on ESG issues, and activist campaigns may be launched against “de-SPACed” companies that are underperforming and companies with depressed stock prices.

In addition, we may continue seeing a blurring of the lines between traditional shareholder activism and private equity strategies. Changes in voting strategies at institutional investors could shift the balance in some contests.

READ MORE »

Why Piketty’s Plea to Limit Shareholder Power Won’t Reduce Inequality

Michael Schouten is a research associate at the Amsterdam Center for Law & Economics and a corporate partner at De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance (discussed on the Forum here) and Will Corporations Deliver Value to All Stakeholders?, both by Lucian A. Bebchuk and Roberto Tallarita; For Whom Corporate Leaders Bargain by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Kobi Kastiel, and Roberto Tallarita (discussed on the Forum here); and Restoration: The Role Stakeholder Governance Must Play in Recreating a Fair and Sustainable American Economy—A Reply to Professor Rock by Leo E. Strine, Jr. (discussed on the Forum here).

The famed French economist Thomas Piketty is out with yet another book, this time examining polarization in modern democracies (Political Cleavages and Social Inequalities, Harvard University Press 2022). The vast amount of data collected shows that identity wars are not inevitable, he argues, as long as ambitious redistribution policies are put in place. Piketty himself has proposed several such policies to reduce inequality. Yet there’s good reason to be sceptical about their effectiveness.

Of the eclectic mix of policy proposals Piketty made in his previous book Capitalism and Ideology, his call for a whopping 90% wealth tax has generated the most headlines. His proposed corporate governance overhaul has received less attention so far, but it is equally remarkable.

Piketty argues that voting rights of large shareholders should be reduced significantly. One option he considers is that a holder of more than 10% of the shares would only be entitled to one-third of the excess votes. As a result, a founder holding, say, a 40% stake, would be entitled to a mere 20% of the votes. This would imply a massive shift in the balance of power in companies around the world.

At the root of this proposal is the notion that companies should not merely serve the interests of shareholders but of all stakeholders, particularly employees. This idea has long been at the centre of the corporate governance debate. It has received renewed attention in recent years, driven by developments such as the financial crisis, climate change and the global pandemic. So far, nothing new.

READ MORE »

M&A Predictions for 2022

Ethan Klingsberg is partner at Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP. This post is based on his Freshfields memorandum.

As the 2022 pipeline continues to flow, here’s a quick preview of where the tensions, action and hot spots will be in M&A this year, together with explanations of why this will be the case.

Regulatory covenant litigation. Case law on the enforceability of “hell or high water” and other regulatory covenants is sparse. The existing decisions all involve relatively blatant violations—e.g., the failure to submit a document expressly requested by the antitrust or foreign investment regulator or other examples of intentional “foot dragging.” There have been cases involving nuanced situations where the buyer purported to be acting in good faith to obtain regulatory clearances, while the target/seller was fretting that the drop-dead date was rapidly approaching and that the buyer had to make more draconian concessions more quickly to obtain clearance in time to permit a closing before the drop-dead date; but those cases all settled. Entering 2022, when you combine the number of actual or near “hell or high water” undertakings to which buyers signed up over the last year with the increasing aggressiveness and unpredictability of antitrust and foreign investment authorities in the UK, Europe and the US, the result is a combination that is likely to make 2022 the year of regulatory covenant litigation.

Regulatory headwinds will not stop merger agreements from being signed up, but they will change deal terms. Now that everybody has had time to calm down after being outraged by reports about the breadth and assertive reach of the UK CMA and the views of officials in charge of the US and European agencies, the focus of clients has turned to how to navigate the new terrain. We will not see dealmaking dry up, even M&A by so-called dominant players or those seeking to consolidate within a sector will proceed, but we will see “fix it first” approaches more regularly in 2022 and, in anticipation of (or at least in response to) the litigation referenced in the preceding bullet, we will see a lot more nuance and detail in what merger agreements require of buyers and when—much more than in your generic “hell or high water” or reasonable best efforts undertakings. Reverse termination fees will remain part of the equation but there is a limit to how much comfort they will provide boards of sellers and targets. The real action in 2022 will be in the details of regulatory covenants.

READ MORE »

The Push to Net Zero Emissions: Where the Board Comes In

Maria Castañón Moats is Leader and Tracey-Lee Brown is Director of the Governance Insights Center, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. This post is based on their PwC memorandum. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance (discussed on the Forum here) and Will Corporations Deliver Value to All Stakeholders?, both by Lucian A. Bebchuk and Roberto Tallarita; For Whom Corporate Leaders Bargain by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Kobi Kastiel, and Roberto Tallarita (discussed on the Forum here); and Restoration: The Role Stakeholder Governance Must Play in Recreating a Fair and Sustainable American Economy—A Reply to Professor Rock by Leo E. Strine, Jr. (discussed on the Forum here).

Governments, regulators, shareholders, and others are making advancements in the push to net zero emissions, and they are expecting the same from companies. What do net zero pledges mean for a company and its strategic future? How should boards be thinking about these commitments? What is the board’s role in overseeing those decisions and monitoring progress? Here, we provide the tools for directors to lead what’s next on climate change.

The climate change landscape

Some immediately think about global warming when the topic of climate change comes up. That’s certainly part of it, but climate change also leads to droughts, water scarcity, rising sea levels, flooding, and so much more. And the effects of climate change will have wide-ranging impacts on human health, the ability to produce food, and where people live and work. The future of humanity is dependent on addressing climate change, making it an urgent crisis.

The largest (though not the only) contributor to climate change is greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists estimate that greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by half in less than 10 years to avoid the most devastating impacts of irreversible climate change.

READ MORE »

Court of Chancery Opens Door to Entire Fairness Review of SPAC Mergers

Alan Stone, Neil Whoriskey, and Scott Golenbock are partners at Milbank LLP. This post is based on a Milbank memorandum by Mr. Stone, Mr. Whoriskey, Mr. Golenbock, Iliana Ongun, and Jed Schwartz, and is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here.

On January 3, 2022, in a case of first impression, [1] the Delaware Court of Chancery examined the viability of fiduciary duty claims against special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) directors in the context of a de-SPAC transaction. Addressing a complaint brought by former stockholders of Churchill Capital Corp. III, a SPAC, alleging that material facts were omitted from the proxy statement issued in connection with its de-SPAC merger with Multiplan, Inc., the Court held that the stockholders stated a plausible claim for breach of fiduciary duty, thus impairing stockholders’ right to make an informed decision on whether to redeem their shares. The Court also found that the entire fairness standard of review—and not the more lenient business judgment rule—applied to the de-SPAC merger due to “inherent conflicts between the SPAC’s fiduciaries and the public stockholders in the context of a value-decreasing transaction.” [2]

In February 2020, Churchill Capital Corp. III, a SPAC sponsored by former Wall Street executive Michael Klein, completed its $1.1 billion initial public offering. After searching for a de-SPAC opportunity, the SPAC merged with MultiPlan in October 2020. The central allegation of the stockholders’ complaint was that the proxy statement issued in connection with the Merger omitted the fact that MultiPlan’s largest customer, UnitedHealth Group, Inc., which accounted for 35% of MultiPlan’s revenues, intended to create a data analytics platform that would compete with MultiPlan and cause UnitedHealth Group to stop working with MultiPlan in the future. [3] The stock of the combined company closed at $11.09 per share when the merger was completed but fell to $6.27 per share within a month.

READ MORE »

Page 6 of 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8