Monthly Archives: September 2021

C-Suite Executives Should Fill the Trust Gap

Michael Bondar is a Principal at Deloitte Risk & Financial Advisory, and Don Fancher is a Principal Global Leader at Deloitte Forensic. This post is based on their Deloitte memorandum. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance (discussed on the Forum here) and Will Corporations Deliver Value to All Stakeholders?, both by Lucian A. Bebchuk and Roberto Tallarita; For Whom Corporate Leaders Bargain by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Kobi Kastiel, and Roberto Tallarita (discussed on the Forum here); and Restoration: The Role Stakeholder Governance Must Play in Recreating a Fair and Sustainable American Economy—A Reply to Professor Rock by Leo E. Strine, Jr. (discussed on the Forum here).

Trust in an organization is an ongoing relationship between an entity and its various stakeholders—and is earned through that entity’s actions. Those actions, however, cannot be strictly embodied in a crisis response strategy to address a trust breach. Instead, by investing in trust proactively, organizations can build “trust equity”—a reserve of trust that can not only improve performance and generate value on an ongoing basis, but also allow the organization to be more resilient when a crisis inevitably hits. Managing these trust-based relationships starts at the very top and requires the focus and attention of the C-suite.

The disruptive events of the past year have shined a bright light on the power of trust, revealing the central roles of transparency and consistency in cultivating it in organizations. (Think vaccine efficacy, for example.) Global and societal challenges have also reinforced how intangibles, rather than physical assets, often lead to value creation. In other words, the stronger the relationships organizations have with their stakeholders, the more trust is generated.

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Board Structure Is Key to Oversight

David A. Katz is partner and Laura A. McIntosh is consulting attorney at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz. This post is based on an article first published in the New York Law Journal.

The primary role and responsibility of boards of directors is management oversight. Recent lawsuits against public company directors for oversight failures should prompt boards to consider whether their current governance structures are optimal for maximizing oversight effectiveness. It is common, but potentially problematic, for the audit committee to be tasked with all compliance oversight. This scenario can create an opportunity for a plaintiff to claim that the audit committee had insufficient resources to provide effective oversight of the compliance function. This claim may be even stronger when it relates to critical company-specific and industry-specific risks, particularly in heavily regulated industry sectors. Boards of directors should thoughtfully review their board committee structures to determine if there is sufficient management oversight of mission-critical company and industry risks and, where appropriate, consider reallocating responsibilities among various board committees, with corresponding updates to committee charters.

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Five Essential Strategy Questions Boards Should Be Asking

Stephen Klemash is EY Americas Center for Board Matters Leader, Gaurav Malhotra is EY Americas Reshaping Results & US Restructuring Leader, and Lance Mortlock is EY Canada Managing Partner for Energy. This post is based on their EY memorandum.

In brief

  • Management and the board should define “long-term” and develop a strategy that is focused not on where the organization “is going” but where it “can go.”
  • It is essential for an organization’s talent strategy and ESG priorities to be aligned and integrated with the overall strategy.
  • Boards can help recalibrate the risk framework to focus on a longer-term horizon and reframe the discussion from risk to opportunity.

C-suites have adapted to the tumultuous environment created by the global pandemic, and only a few could have predicted the rebound occurring in specific geographies and sectors so quickly.

While the rapid pace of economic expansion has been a welcome opportunity for certain businesses, the long-term robustness of the recovery could be challenged by uneven events in specific geographies, the unwinding of government support programs, the scarceness of labor, the rise of inflation or the resurgence of COVID-19 variants.

As organizations continue their strategy refresh discussions, the following five questions should be top of mind for board members and management teams to make sure that their strategy adequately focuses on the future while recognizing the past and present stakeholder concerns.

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SEC’s Investor Advisory Committee Recommends Changes to Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

Joseph A. Hall, Michael Kaplan, and Emily Roberts are partners at Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP. This post is based on their Davis Polk memorandum. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Insider Trading Via the Corporation by Jesse Fried (discussed on the Forum here).

Responding to a recent call from SEC Chair Gary Gensler to “freshen up” Rule 10b5-1, a subcommittee of the SEC’s Investor Advisory Committee (IAC) released draft recommendations on August 26 calling for changes to the operation of Rule 10b5-1 securities trading plans. The recommendations, which don’t seem to distinguish between insider selling plans and company repurchase plans, include a four-month “cooling off” period between plan adoption and the first trade, as well as mandatory disclosure of Rule 10b5-1 plans. The IAC also recommends expanding Form 4 reporting requirements to include insiders of foreign private issuers. Although the IAC has no formal role in SEC rulemaking, the recommendations are likely to inform the agency’s thinking as it develops proposals for amending Rule 10b5-1.

[Note: The Investor Advisory Committee approved the draft recommendations at its September 9th meeting, with the understanding that the recommendations would be revised to make clear that they do not apply to company repurchase plans.]

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A New Way of Seeing Value

Witold Henisz is the Deloitte & Touche Professor of Management (in Honor of Russell E. Palmer, former Managing Director) at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. This post is based on his Engine No. 1 memorandum. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance by Lucian A. Bebchuk and Roberto Tallarita (discussed on the Forum here); Companies Should Maximize Shareholder Welfare Not Market Value by Oliver Hart and Luigi Zingales (discussed on the Forum here); and Reconciling Fiduciary Duty and Social Conscience: The Law and Economics of ESG Investing by a Trustee by Max M. Schanzenbach and Robert H. Sitkoff (discussed on the Forum here).

Engine No. 1’s Total Value Framework is a data-driven approach to investing that puts a tangible value on a company’s environmental, social and governance impacts and ties those impacts to long-term value creation.

Interest in environmental, social and governance (ESG) has never been greater, and yet, ESG ratings systems conflict with one another and remain uncorrelated from financial returns. The inability to tie data to actual outcomes has supported shareholders divesting rather than holding a company and engaging when a problem arises.

For the first time, the Total Value Framework measures, in dollars and cents, the material negative and positive impacts a company has and demonstrates how a company’s performance and value can be enhanced by the investments it makes in its employees, customers, communities, and the environment.

At Engine No. 1, we believe there is no tradeoff between impact and returns. The Total Value Framework is an important step forward for CEOs, board members, and investors to include impact analysis in long-term decision making to drive better economic results.

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The Impact of a Principles-Based Approach to Director Gender Diversity Policy

Tor-Erik Bakke is Associate Professor of Finance at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Business Administration; Laura Field is the Donald J. Puglisi Professor of Finance at the University of Delaware Lerner College of Business and Economics; Hamed Mahmudi is Assistant Professor of Finance at the University of Delaware Lerner College of Business and Economics; and Aazam Virani is Assistant Professor of Finance at the University of Arizona Eller College of Management. This post is based on their recent paper. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Politics and Gender in the Executive Suite by Alma Cohen, Moshe Hazan, and David Weiss (discussed on the Forum here).

A corporate governance issue that has drawn broad attention is the under­representation of females on corporate boards. Many attempts to address this issue follow a rules-based approach, in which mandated quotas for female representation in boards are imposed. An alternative to a prescriptive regulatory approach is a principles-based one, under which firms publicly disclose their compliance with suggested “best practice” guidelines, and, if their practices depart from the guidelines, firms must explain the reasons for their non-compliance. In the U.S., the SEC has recently approved a Nasdaq principles-based proposal aimed at improving board diversity, in which firms are required to have at least one director who self-identifies as female and another who self-identifies as an underrepresented minority or LGBTQ+. To avoid forced delisting, a firm must “diversify or explain”: either have the required number of diverse directors or explain why it does not. Fried (2021) argues that Nasdaq’s proposal will generate substantial risks for investors, as existing research has shown that increasing board diversity can lead to lower share prices. Fried notes that there has been no research on a “diversify or explain” regulation such as that proposed by Nasdaq.

We seek to fill this gap by studying the effects of a “diversify or explain” legislation that has been in place in Canada since 2014. The Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) introduced female representation policy disclosure requirements, which came into effect in December 2014. The amendment requires listed firms to disclose policies regarding the representation of females on the board and in the executive suite, or to provide an explanation for their absence.

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Weekly Roundup: September 17–23, 2021


More from:

This roundup contains a collection of the posts published on the Forum during the week of September 17–23, 2021.

Why CEO Option Compensation Can be a Bad Option for Shareholders: Evidence from Major Customer Relationships


Vermont’s Fossil Fuel Suit Underscores Climate-Change Pressures Faced by U.S. Companies


ESG in 2021 So Far: An Update


Board Practices Quarterly: The Outspoken Corporation


How the Best Boards Approach CEO Succession Planning




Revisiting Whistleblower Response Procedures


SPACs: Insider IPOs


Navigating ESG Disclosure Regulation for US Public Companies


SEC Cyber Enforcement Actions: Lessons for Private Fund Managers



How Private Equity-Backed Companies Can Move the Needle on Sustainability



The General Counsel View of ESG Risk


The Role of the CEO in Mergers and Acquisitions

The Role of the CEO in Mergers and Acquisitions

PJ Neal leads Russell Reynolds Associates’ Center for Leadership Insight. This post is based on his Russell Reynolds memorandum. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Are M&A Contract Clauses Value Relevant to Target and Bidder Shareholders? by John C. Coates, Darius Palia, and Ge Wu (discussed on the Forum here); and The New Look of Deal Protection by Fernan Restrepo and Guhan Subramanian (discussed on the Forum here).

The last 18 months will likely go down as one of the most disruptive—and likely most difficult—periods leaders will face in their careers.

Yet despite all the challenges this year, there are signs of an improving economy. Unemployment numbers are decreasing after a substantial increase earlier this year. Many companies are increasing output. And mergers and acquisitions are bouncing back—perhaps not surprisingly, given the number of companies which have become attractive targets as a result of a challenging operating environment.

In response to the increasing interest in M&A, we wanted to write to CEOs about their role in this, based on advice other CEOs have shared with us after having gone through the process themselves.

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The General Counsel View of ESG Risk

Michael J. Callahan is Professor of the Practice of Law at Stanford Law School; David Larcker is Professor of Accounting at Stanford Graduate School of Business; and Brian Tayan is a researcher with the Corporate Governance Research Initiative at Stanford Graduate School of Business. This post is based on their recent paper. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance (discussed on the Forum here) and Will Corporations Deliver Value to All Stakeholders?, both by Lucian A. Bebchuk and Roberto Tallarita; For Whom Corporate Leaders Bargain by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Kobi Kastiel, and Roberto Tallarita (discussed on the Forum here); and Restoration: The Role Stakeholder Governance Must Play in Recreating a Fair and Sustainable American Economy—A Reply to Professor Rock by Leo E. Strine, Jr. (discussed on the Forum here).

We recently published a paper on SSRN, The General Counsel View of ESG Risk, that examines the view that general counsel and senior in-house counsel have of ESG.

ESG—Environmental, Social, and Governance matters—have become a central focus of governance practitioners in recent years. This trend, however, has not come without controversy and confusion, including the definition and scope of ESG and the impact of ESG on corporate performance, investment, and disclosure.

Proponents of ESG argue that increased investment in environmental and social activity contributes to long-term success of an organization through the mitigation of social ills that pose long-term risk. They contend that investment in social objectives reduces the risk profile of the company by addressing externalities before they manifest themselves, thereby lowering long-term costs to both shareholders and stakeholders. By aligning corporate practices with desirable social objectives, the company will create profits that are larger, more sustainable, and more equitably distributed among all stakeholders—shareholders, employees, and the community alike. Through increased disclosure, shareholders can monitor corporate progress and hold management accountable for outcomes.

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Delaware Supreme Court Eliminates “Dual-Natured” Direct and Derivative Claim

William Savitt and Ryan A. McLeod, are partners at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz. This post is based on their Wachtell memorandum, and is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here.

In a carefully reasoned decision, the Delaware Supreme Court this week overruled a 15-year precedent that had permitted minority stockholders to pursue classically derivative dilution claims directly against controlling stockholders. Brookfield Asset Management, Inc. v. Rosson, No. 406, 2020 (Del. Sept. 20, 2021).

The case concerned a private placement of TerraForm Power’s common stock to its controlling stockholder, Brookfield Asset Management, which TerraForm’s minority stockholders alleged was underpriced and dilutive. TerraForm was thereafter merged out of existence. Defendants moved to dismiss, arguing that the claims were derivative and that plaintiffs’ standing to prosecute derivative claims was extinguished by the merger. The Court of Chancery recognized that such “overpayment” claims are generally considered derivative, but nevertheless sustained the complaint on the basis of a 2006 decision that had concluded such claims were both derivative and direct where the transaction allegedly benefitted a controlling stockholder at the expense of the minority.

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