Yearly Archives: 2017

A Broader Perspective on Corporate Governance in Litigation

Ronald J. Gilson is Marc & Eva Stern Professor of Law and Business at Columbia Law School, Meyers Professor of Law and Business (Emeritus) at Stanford Law School, and a senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. Hans Weemaes is a principal at Cornerstone Research. This post is based on a Cornerstone Research publication by Professor Gilson, Mr. Weemaes, Ilene Friedland, and Cameron Hooper.

Corporate governance issues often figure prominently in litigation, but the issues raised typically have a narrow focus. Disputes most often build on the formal legal skeleton of corporate governance created by the state’s corporation’s statutes, the particular corporation’s organizational documents, and the judicially imposed fiduciary duty of directors and officers. However, this structure represents an overly formal and significantly incomplete understanding of what makes up a publicly held corporation’s corporate governance structure. In this article, we outline the much broader corporate governance structure that underlies the operation of a modern public corporation, and show how that structure has important implications for a wider range of litigation than is commonly understood.
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Related Investing: Corporate Ownership and Capital Mobilization During Early Industrialization

B. Zorina Khan is Professor of Economics at Bowdoin College and a Research Associate with the National Bureau of Economic Research. This post is based on her recent paper.

Family businesses and concentrated ownership have been the norm across time and place. Business historians like Alfred Chandler have noted these patterns with disapproval, attributing the decline of European industrial dominance in part to subjective “family capitalism,” and the advance of the United States to its development of objective and impersonal “managerial capitalism.”

According to economic models, market efficiency implies depersonalized transactions where outcomes are based on prices and fundamentals rather than the identity of participants. Personal or familial connections can serve as conduits for inefficiency, with the potential for nepotism, corrupt governance, and exploitation of other stakeholders. Outsider investors face the risk that both internal and external control mechanisms may be too weak to protect them from “tunneling” or corruption in the firm. By contrast, others maintain that such personalized institutions as family firms or venture capital might provide a mechanism to reduce risk or asymmetries in information, and to increase trust, social capital and the enforceability of contracts. The intergenerational links that characterize family membership can similarly provide a cost-effective signal to outsiders that a firm values continuity and future exchange.

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Directors Must Navigate Challenges of Shareholder-Centric Paradigm

Stephen F. Arcano and Thomas H. Kennedy are partners at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP. This post is based on a Skadden publication by Mr. Arcano and Mr. Kennedy. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Lucian Bebchuk’s The Myth that Insulating Boards Serves Long-Term Value by Lucian Bebchuk (discussed on the Forum here).

The corporate governance landscape has become more complicated, making it more difficult for directors to manage the often inconsistent demands of multiple constituencies while pursuing the fundamental fiduciary obligation to act in the best interests of the corporation and its stockholders. Evolution in the prevailing corporate governance model to a more shareholder-centric paradigm, widening fault lines between the perspectives of different types of shareholders, and the expanding reach of governmental regulation and enforcement efforts, among other forces, have contributed to the issues contemporary boards face. Directors’ ability to assess these factors and successfully navigate these challenges will be critical in the year ahead.

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Delaware Supreme Court Confirms BJR Application After Disinterested Shareholder Approval

Scott B. Luftglass and Philip Richter are partners at Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP. This post is based on a Fried Frank publication by Mr. Luftglass, Mr. Richter, Steven EpsteinWarren S. de WiedPeter L. Simmons, and Gail Weinstein. This post is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here.

In Volcano Stockholders Litigation, the Delaware Supreme Court, on February 9, 2017, in a one-sentence affirmance, upheld the Court of Chancery’s decision dismissing the post-closing challenge of the $1.2 billion merger of Volcano Corp. with Philips Holding USA Inc. The plaintiffs claimed that the Volcano board had failed to fully inform stockholders in connection with their vote on the transaction—including with respect to a previous higher offer made by Philips and alleged conflicts of interest of Volcano’s financial advisors. The decision is consistent with the Delaware courts’ continued expansive interpretation of the seminal 2015 Corwin decision, which has resulted in a strong trend of early dismissal of litigation challenging M&A transactions (not involving a “controller”—see below).

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Company Stock Reactions to the 2016 Election Shock: Trump, Taxes and Trade

Richard Zeckhauser is the Frank P. Ramsey Professor of Political Economy at the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government, and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). This post is based on a recent paper authored by Professor Zeckhauser; Alexander F. Wagner, Associate Professor of Finance at the University of Zurich and Faculty Member at the Swiss Finance Institute; and Alexandre Ziegler, Director of the Center for Portfolio Management at the University of Zurich. Additional posts addressing legal and financial implications of the Trump administration are available here.

Donald Trump’s election was a significant surprise. So too was the dramatic run up in the stock market that followed. A story less told is how individual stocks and industries responded to the Trump surprise, and expectations about the policies that might follow. In fact, some stocks gained significantly relative to the market; others were major losers. The paper Company Stock Reactions to the 2016 Election Shock: Trump, Taxes and Trade, recently made available on SSRN, illuminates the factors that produced winners and losers.

In an era where politics is extremely polarized and forward-looking assessments of economic prospects are often tilted and exaggerated, it is instructive to investigate how investors assessed the prospects for individual firms. Investors clearly expect US corporate taxes to be cut substantially; thus firms paying high taxes out-performed. What to expect for US companies with significant non-US revenues was less clear cut. Trump and his Republican allies had promised to make firms more competitive abroad. But talk of tariffs and trade raised retaliation concerns. In fact, foreign-oriented firms lost significantly. Companies with high interest expenses suffered for two possible reasons: deductions lose value when taxes are slashed, and some Trump/Republican plans threaten interest deductibility. Investors have not yet taken a clear view on the implications of plans to allow expensing of capital investments.

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Using the Deal Price for Determining ‘Fair Value’ in Appraisal Proceedings

Guhan Subramanian is Joseph H. Flom Professor of Law and Business at Harvard Law School and H. Douglas Weaver Professor of Business Law at Harvard Business School. This post is based on a recent article by Professor Subramanian, forthcoming in The Corporate Contract in Changing Times: Is the Law Keeping Up? This post is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here.

In a recent article I present new data on appraisal litigation and appraisal outs. I find that appraisal claims have not meaningfully declined in 2016, and that perceived appraisal risk, as measured by the incidence of appraisal outs, has increased since the Dell appraisal in May 2016.

After reviewing current Delaware appraisal doctrine, I propose a synthesizing principle: if the deal process involves an adequate market canvass, meaningful price discovery, and an arms-length negotiation, then there should be a strong presumption that the deal price represents fair value in an appraisal proceeding; but if the deal process does not have these features, deal price should receive no weight. The test is a stringent one: it requires not just a “good enough for fiduciary duty” deal process, but rather a deal process that ensures that exiting shareholders receive “fair value” for their shares.

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The Activist Investing Annual Review 2017

Josh Black is Editor-in-Chief at Activist Insight. This post is based on excerpts from The Activist Investing Annual Review 2017, published by Activist Insight in association with Schulte Roth & Zabel, and authored by Mr. Black, Paolo Frediani, Ben Shapiro, and Claire Stovall. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Long-Term Effects of Hedge Fund Activism by Lucian Bebchuk, Alon Brav, and Wei Jiang (discussed on the Forum here), The Law and Economics of Blockholder Disclosure by Lucian Bebchuk and Robert J. Jackson Jr. (discussed on the Forum here), and Pre-Disclosure Accumulations by Activist Investors: Evidence and Policy by Lucian Bebchuk, Alon Brav, Robert J. Jackson Jr., and Wei Jiang.

The juggernaut of shareholder engagement kept rolling in 2016 as a surge of one-off campaigns, governance-related proposals and remuneration crackdowns made for a busy year. 758 companies worldwide received public demands—a 13% increase on 2015’s total of 673—including 104 S&P 500 issuers and eight of the FTSE 100.

Yet for dedicated activist investors, it was a more muted affair. Investors deemed by Activist Insight to have a primary or partial focus on activism targeted fewer and smaller companies, accounting for just 40% of the total which faced public demands, and 10% fewer companies in North America. Turbulent markets, redemptions and competition all played a part in reducing the volume of activist investing. By contrast, shareholder engagement flourished.

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The Corwin Effect: Stockholder Approval of M&A Transactions

Steven M. Haas is a partner at Hunton & Williams LLP. This post is based on a Hunton & Williams publication by Mr. Haas, and is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here.

The most important development in Delaware law during 2016 was arguably the courts’ growing deference to stockholder approval. In 2015, the Delaware Supreme Court held in Corwin v. KKR Financial Holdings that a transaction subject to enhanced scrutiny under Revlon will instead be reviewed under the deferential business judgment rule after it has been approved by a majority of fully informed and uncoerced stockholders. During 2016, several Delaware courts applied Corwin with important consequences. Among other things, Delaware judges held that the business judgment rule becomes “irrebuttable” if invoked as a result of a stockholder vote; Corwin is not limited to one-step mergers and thus also applies where a majority of shares tender into a two-step transaction; the ability of plaintiffs to pursue a “waste” claim is exceedingly difficult; and if directors are protected under Corwin, aiding and abetting claims against their advisors will be dismissed too.

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Gordon v. Verizon: New York Parts Company with Delaware

Paul F. Rugani is a partner at Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP. This post is based on an Orrick publication by Mr. Rugani, Robert Loeb, Robert Stern, Michael TuKevin Askew, and William Foley. This post is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here.

On February 2, 2017, the New York Appellate Division, First Department, issued a decision in Gordon v. Verizon Communications, Inc., No. 653084/13, 2017 WL 442871 (1st Dep’t 2017) approving the settlement of litigation over an acquisition by Verizon Communications (“Verizon”) and articulating a new test to evaluate the fairness of such settlements. The Gordon decision signals that New York will remain a friendly venue to disclosure-based M&A settlements and may see increased shareholder M&A lawsuits as a result.

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Tactical Approaches to Proxy Season 2017

Dr. Martha L. Carter is a Senior Managing Director and Head of Teneo Governance; Karla Bos is a Managing Director with Teneo Governance. This post is based on a Teneo publication by Dr. Carter and Ms. Bos.

As most public companies approach the start of Proxy Season 2017, investor voting policies and the hottest trends in corporate governance are important content that highlight issues companies will face at their annual meetings. Equally important are the practical considerations for how to navigate the proxy advisors, engage with investors, react to activists, and position boards for successful voting outcomes.

The landscape has changed in 2017. Most of the fundamental views in governance are out on the table. Say on Pay as a ballot item is over five years old, director independence has been around over a decade, and Sarbanes-Oxley drove significant changes in audit committees nearly fifteen years ago. What has evolved recently is the way in which companies interact with the governance community. A thoughtful approach and clear messaging to the various constituents that will influence proxy season outcomes are as important as the issues underlying the narrative. Here are “seven for seventeen”— seven helpful hints for the 2017 proxy season, along with do’s and don’ts for a successful season.

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