Gregory S. Rowland is partner and Trevor I. Kiviat is an associate at Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP. This post is based on their Davis Polk publication.
Introduction
In 2008, an unknown author publishing under the name Satoshi Nakamoto released a white paper describing Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer version of electronic cash, and the corresponding software that facilitates online payments directly between counterparties without the need for a financial intermediary. In the decade that has followed, Bitcoin and countless other open-source, decentralised protocols inspired by Bitcoin (for example, Ethereum and Monero) have come to represent a $300 billion-plus market of alternative assets, commonly referred to as “digital assets”, which are typically traded over the internet using online exchange platforms.
Digital assets can serve several functions. Although the following categories are not independent legal categories under U.S. law, such distinctions are helpful for understanding and crafting various investment strategies involving these assets. Some digital assets, such as Bitcoin or Litecoin, are widely regarded as decentralised stores of value or mediums of exchange due to certain common economic features that support these functions; these are sometimes referred to as “pure cryptocurrencies”. Other digital assets, such as Monero or Zcash, are a subset of pure cryptocurrencies that also possess certain features designed to enhance transaction privacy and confidentiality (“privacy-focused coins”).
