Yearly Archives: 2018

Second Circuit’s Application of the Halliburton Doctrine

Monica Loseman, and Jason Mendro are partners and Lissa Percopo is an associate at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP. This post is based on a Gibson Dunn publication by Ms. Loseman, Mr. Mendro, Ms. Percopo, and Christopher WhiteRelated research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Rethinking Basic by Lucian Bebchuk and Allen Ferrell (discussed on the Forum here).

On January 12, 2018, the Second Circuit issued its second substantive opinion applying Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2398 (2014) (“Halliburton II“), only the third issued by any federal circuit court since the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in June 2014. Ark. Teachers Ret. Sys. v. Goldman Sachs, — F.3d —, Case No. 16-250, 2018 WL 385215 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2018). The Second Circuit vacated the district court’s order certifying a class and remanded for further proceedings to determine whether the defendants had presented sufficient evidence that the alleged misstatements did not impact Goldman Sachs’ stock price. The Second Circuit encouraged the district court to hold any evidentiary hearing or oral argument it finds appropriate to address this issue on remand.

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FCPA Enforcement and Anti-Corruption Year in Review

Mark F. Mendelsohn, Alex Young K. Oh, and David W. Brown are partners at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP. This post is based on a Paul, Weiss publication by Mr. Mendelsohn, Ms. Oh, Mr. Brown, Justin D. Lerer, Meredith A. Arfa, and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb.

Despite significant FCPA enforcement activity in 2017, the Trump administration’s approach to enforcement remains elusive and not readily characterized.

Looking at 2017 as a whole, the number of corporate enforcement actions resolved by the DOJ and the SEC was within the range of fluctuations in such numbers in recent years, though down from 2016’s record-breaking total. Looking at the year more closely, we find that eight of the fourteen corporate resolutions by the DOJ and the SEC in 2017 were announced in January during the final weeks of the Obama administration, followed by a six-month quiet period during the beginning of the Trump administration, and culminating in six corporate resolutions in the closing months of the year. The majority of corporate resolutions announced during the Trump administration involved foreign companies, but whether the Trump administration is pursuing an “America First” policy in enforcing the FCPA remains an open question. The new administration does appear to have been more aggressive in pursuing prosecutions against individuals, with 17 of the 20 prosecutions of individuals in 2017 brought by the Trump administration. However, given the duration of FCPA investigations, most, if not all, of the corporate and individual enforcement actions announced during the Trump administration almost certainly originated from investigations that pre-dated the administration, suggesting it is too early to draw definitive conclusions.

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Second Circuit Decision on Fraud-on-the-Market

Brad S. Karp is partner and chairman at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP. This post is based on a Paul, Weiss publication by Mr. Karp, Susanna BuergelGeoffrey R. ChepigaAndrew Ehrlich, Jane B. O’Brien, and Audra SolowayRelated research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Rethinking Basic by Lucian Bebchuk and Allen Ferrell (discussed on the Forum here).

In Arkansas Teacher Retirement System v. Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., No. 16-250 (2d Cir. Jan. 12, 2018), the Second Circuit vacated the certification of a securities fraud class action due to two errors by the district court in its rejection of defendants’ rebuttal of the fraud-on-the-market presumption of reliance. First, the Second Circuit held that the district court’s statement that defendants had failed to “conclusively” prove a “complete absence of price impact” created doubt as to whether the district court had correctly applied the preponderance standard. Second, the Second Circuit held that the district court should have considered defendants’ evidence that Goldman Sachs’s stock price did not drop on thirty-four dates—prior to plaintiffs’ alleged corrective disclosure dates—on which news sources reported alleged conflicts of interest in Goldman Sachs’s CDO business. [1]

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The Enduring Allure and Perennial Pitfalls of Earnouts

Gail Weinstein is senior counsel, and Robert C. Schwenkel and David L. Shaw are partners at Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP. This post is based on a Fried Frank publication by Ms. Weinstein, Mr. Schwenkel, Mr. Shaw, Christopher Ewan, Steven J. Steinman, and Brian T. Mangino, and is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here.

An “earnout” is a deal mechanism that provides for a buyer to pay additional consideration after the closing if specified post-closing performance targets are achieved by the acquired business or specified post-closing events occur. An earnout can be instrumental in bridging the gap when, based on divergent views by the buyer and the seller about the likely future operating performance or the likelihood of the occurrence of certain contingencies, the parties cannot agree upfront on a purchase price. In situations where the seller will remain involved in the post-closing operation of the business, an earnout can also be a useful mechanism to incentivize the seller to grow the business for the buyer’s benefit after the closing.

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Regulating Public Offerings of Truly New Securities: First Principles

Merritt B. Fox is Michael E. Patterson Professor of Law and the NASDAQ Professor for the Law and Economics of Capital Markets at Columbia Law School. This post is based on his recent article, published in the Duke Law Journal.

Much attention has been paid recently to fostering the ability of small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) to raise capital through offerings that lead to liquid trading of their shares. Liquidity makes the shares more valuable to prospective investors, who will therefore be willing to pay more for them. The traditional route to achieving such liquidity has been an IPO registered under the Securities Act. Registration has proven impracticably burdensome for many SMEs, however. Under the JOBS Act and the FAST ACT, Congress has reacted by creating pathways for more lightly regulated “quasi-IPOs.” These reforms are a brave experiment, but one likely to end poorly. In creating these pathways, Congress has ignored economic principles relating to the market-destroying information asymmetries between potential investors and the issuing firm. A more promising approach is the SEC’s current Disclosure Effectiveness Initiative, also triggered by Congressional action, which may lead to a cost-benefit-based paring of the questions that must be answered under the traditional registration process and periodically thereafter. Such a streamlined set of questions could help at least some SMEs. Whatever the regulatory reform, however, the hard reality is that the cost of compliance will still make a public offering an impractical form of finance for most firms below a certain size.

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Updated BlackRock Proxy Voting Guidelines

Ellen J. Odoner is partner and Aabha Sharma is an associate at Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP. This post is based on a Weil publication by Ms. Odoner and Ms. Sharma.

BlackRock recently published its updated Proxy Voting Guidelines for U.S. public companies. The guidelines are in keeping with the perspectives expressed in BlackRock’s October 2017 Investment Stewardship Global Corporate Governance and Engagement Principles and CEO Laurence D. Fink’s most recent annual letter to public company CEOs. Overall, the guidelines indicate that BlackRock—like a growing number of other significant institutional investors—intends to use its proxy voting power to effect change where it believes circumstances warrant and is deeply focused on environmental and social (E&S) risk reporting and engagement. Key takeaways are as follows:

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Weekly Roundup: February 2–8, 2018


More from:

This roundup contains a collection of the posts published on the Forum during the week of February 2–8, 2018.

Stock Market Evaluation, Moon Shots, and Corporate Innovation




FSOC Designation Treasury Report: A Fundamental Shift


Underwriter Competition and Bargaining Power in the Corporate Bond Market


Valuable Board Assessments



Dinner Table Human Capital and Entrepreneurship



HLS Forum Sets New Records in 2017


Institutional Investor Engagement: How to Create a “Stewardship Culture”



Virtual Currencies


Cryptocurrency 2018



Will Tenure Voting Give Corporate Managers Lifetime Tenure?

Will Tenure Voting Give Corporate Managers Lifetime Tenure?

Paul H. Edelman is Professor of Mathematics and Professor of Law at Vanderbilt University; Wei Jiang is Arthur F. Burns Professor of Free and Competitive Enterprise at Columbia Business School; and Randall S. Thomas is John S. Beasley II Chair in Law and Business at Vanderbilt Law School. This post is based on their recent article, forthcoming  in the Texas Law Review. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Untenable Case for Perpetual Dual-Class Stock by Lucian Bebchuk and Kobi Kastiel (discussed on the Forum here).

In the past decade, many household name companies, including Alibaba, Facebook and Google (now Alphabet, Inc.), have adopted management-friendly dual-class voting systems justified as giving their executives the freedom to operate the companies toward long term value maximization and sheltering them from shareholder pressures for short-term outcomes. However, many institutional investors dislike these structures because they insulate managers from shareholder monitoring and create impenetrable obstacles to change of control transactions. In reaction to pressure from these large shareholders, the S&P 500 recently decided to bar newcomer companies with multiple classes of shares from its flagship index.

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SLB No. 14I Strikes Again

Paul Hodgson is US Contributing Writer at Responsible Investor. This post is based on a publication which originally appeared in Responsible Investor.

When the SEC released its latest SLB in November last year, companies—well, Apple—pounced on the possibility of excluding shareholders proposals on the basis of, well, the board had a good think about it and decided that they were already doing it and/or that it was irrelevant.

Now, all sorts of companies are targeting lobbying spending disclosure proposals and others with other changes to shareholder proposal rules. This latest crop rely on a change to interpreting Rule 14a-8(i)(5), the one about whether a proposal “deals with a matter that is not significantly related to the issuer’s business” and “relates to operations that account for less than 5% of total assets, net earnings and gross sales”. The change to the interpretation says a proponent “can continue to raise social or ethical issues in its arguments” even though the proposal relates to less than 5% of assets, “but it would need to tie those to a significant effect on the company’s business”. Said Bruce Freed of the Center for Political Accountability: “It looks like now we have a Trump administration and a Trump SEC, companies are mounting a full-fledged assault on these lobbying resolutions. They see that there’s an opening. But it’s very shortsighted.”

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Cryptocurrency 2018

David E. Fialkow is a partner, and Jack S. Brodsky and Edward J. Mikolinski are associates at K&L Gates LLP. This post is based on a K&L Gates publication by Mr. Fialkow, Mr. Brodsky, and Mr. Mikolinski.

Blockchain technology and the virtual currency, or cryptocurrency, that uses this technology are revolutionizing the way businesses function and deliver goods and services. Even as cryptocurrency becomes a widely debated topic, gaining the critical attention of regulators and policymakers, individuals and businesses are investing billions of dollars in cryptocurrency annually.

To understand how blockchain and cryptocurrency may impact you, your business, and your industry, it is important to understand what cryptocurrency is and how the underlying blockchain works. This post provides a brief introduction to these concepts as well as a primer on cryptocurrency legal issues.

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