Posted by Michael J. Cooper (University of Utah), Michael Halling (Stockholm School of Economics), and Wenhao Yang (Chinese University of Hong Kong), on
Friday, October 16, 2020
Michael J. Cooper is Professor of Finance at the University of Utah David Eccles School of Business; Michael Halling is Associate Professor of Finance at the Stockholm School of Economics and a Research Fellow at the Swedish House of Finance; and Wenhao Yang is Assistant Professor of Finance at the Chinese University of Hong Kong School of Management and Economics. This post is based on their recent paper, forthcoming in the Review of Finance.Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Agency Problems of Institutional Investors by Lucian Bebchuk, Alma Cohen, and Scott Hirst (discussed on the Forum here).
Almost 15 years ago, Elton, Gruber, and Busse (2004) and Hortacsu and Syverson (2004), documented substantial price dispersion for essentially identical S&P 500 index funds. These results were surprising because in competitive markets, prices for close to identical products should have similar prices. In the case of mutual funds, however, substantial deviations in fees might arise because of (i) the inability to arbitrage away such differences (i.e., one cannot short sell open-ended mutual funds whose fees are too high), (ii) investors that do not pay attention to fees, (iii) search frictions, as the number of mutual funds is large, and (iv) nonfinancial fund differentiation. The conclusion of this earlier literature focusing on index funds is that mutual fund markets are not perfectly competitive and that fees do matter to investors.
At the same time, Berk and Green (2004) proposed a partial-equilibrium model of the mutual fund industry that became very influential and was labelled the neoclassical model of mutual funds. This framework argues that percentage fees are irrelevant, as fund size will adjust in equilibrium such that net alphas (i.e., abnormal fund performance after fees) are equal to zero. The apparent conflict between the model’s predictions and the evidence on index funds has usually been attributed to measurement problems of abnormal performance and to the focus of the empirical evidence on a specific subset of funds, namely passive, index funds.
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